This report examines and compares regulatory frameworks for cryptoassets across 19 representative jurisdictions, mapping differences in classification, licensing of crypto‑asset service providers (CASPs), stablecoin regulation, AML/consumer‑protection measures, and regulatory responses after major market events. The authors find that although global regulation is accelerating, the landscape remains fragmented — with emerging markets lagging, stablecoins and service‑provider regulation prioritized, while DeFi, tokenization and staking remain largely unregulated; they highlight the need for clear classification, activity‑based regulation, information‑sharing and consumer‑protection to build a stable, sustainable global crypto market.
Coelho, H., Apostolides, A., Bear, K., Clark, N., Cordeiro de Lima Fleichman, N., Letsiou, K., Singh, A., & Zhang, B. (2024). 2nd Global Cryptoasset Regulatory Landscape Study – Emerging Practices and Early Lessons Learned. Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance / Cambridge Judge Business School. https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-2nd-global-cryptoasset-regulatory-landscape-study.pdf
FCA FG23/3 explains how existing UK financial-promotion rules apply to crypto. All promotions must be fair, clear, and not misleading, with prominent risk warnings, balanced information, transparent fees, and no exaggerated claims. Firms must conduct deep due diligence, especially for complex products like staking or stablecoins, and must not promote crypto to UK consumers unless they meet strict marketing rules including cooling-off periods and appropriateness tests. Influencers and overseas firms are fully covered.
Financial Conduct Authority. (2023). Finalised Guidance on Cryptoasset Financial Promotions (FG23/3). FCA. https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/finalised-guidance/fg23-3.pdf
Crypto‑Asset White Papers and Marketing Communications Post the MiCA Regulation
This chapter analyses how issuance documents (white papers) and marketing communications of crypto-assets must change under the new Markets in Crypto‑Assets Regulation (MiCA), discussing compliance, disclosure requirements, and investor protection measures introduced by MiCA. It offers a concrete view on how regulatory text translates into practical obligations for issuers — useful for your educational content on token‑offerings, ICOs / token sales or stablecoins.
Cobos, M. T. O. (2025). Crypto‑Asset White Papers and Marketing Communications Post the MiCA Regulation. In C. Pastor Sempere (Ed.), Governance and Control of Data and Digital Economy in the European Single Market. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74889-9_12
This report maps how the UK currently treats cryptoassets, outlines potential benefits (e.g. cheaper and faster cross-border payments) and major risks (volatility, scams, money laundering, energy use), and calls for a balanced regulatory framework. It argues that unbacked cryptoassets (like Bitcoin or Ether) pose high risks to consumers and recommends that retail trading/investing in them be regulated more like gambling rather than as a conventional financial service, unless stronger consumer protections are put in place.
Treasury Committee. (2023). Regulating Crypto – Fifteenth Report of Session 2022–23. House of Commons, UK Parliament. HC 615. https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/39945/documents/194832/default/
Regulation of the Crypto‑Economy: Managing Risks, Challenges, and Regulatory Uncertainty
This paper analyses the broad risks posed by crypto‑economy (volatility, fraud, uncertainty, systemic risk) and argues for a regulatory framework to manage these risks effectively. The authors highlight that without appropriate regulation, the speculative and cross‑border nature of crypto‑assets can pose threats to financial stability and investor protection. This work offers a solid foundation for understanding why regulation matters from a macro‑economic and policy perspective.
Cumming, D. J., Johan, S., & Pant, A. (2019). Regulation of the Crypto‑Economy: Managing Risks, Challenges, and Regulatory Uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(3), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030126
The article examines how cryptoassets (especially Bitcoin and stablecoins) threaten the stability of financial markets because they mimic traditional monetary functions without corresponding institutional support. The authors warn that their unregulated nature, high volatility, and speculative character make them a structural threat, especially if the adoption of cryptocurrencies continues to grow.
Joebges, H., Herr, H. & Kellermann, C. Crypto assets as a threat to financial market stability. Eurasian Econ Rev 15, 473–502 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-025-00311-4